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Prisoners' rights
The rights of civilian and military prisoners are governed by both national and international law. International conventions include the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the United Nations' Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities〔(Handbook on prisoners with special needs, pp. 47-48 ) (published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)〕
==Prison Litigation Reform Act==
(詳細はUnited States, the Prison Litigation Reform Act, or PRLA, is an anti-prisoner statute that became law in 1996. This act was introduced with the intent of limiting "frivolous lawsuits." However, it severely restricts the ability of prisoners to improve their own conditions through federal lawsuit, crippling internal efforts to obtain prison reform. Among its limiting provisions, the PRLA requires prisoners to exhaust all possibly executive means of reform before filing for litigation, restricts the normal procedure of having the losing defendant pay legal fees (thus making few laywers willing to represent a prisoner), allows for the courts to dismiss cases as "frivolous" or "malicious" according to their own judgement, and forces prisoners to pay their court fees up front if they have three previous instances of a case having been dismissed as "frivolous."〔Meeropol, R. & Head, I. (2010). Brief summary of the prison litigation reform act (PRLA). ''The Jailhouse Lawyer's Handbook.'' Retrieved from http://jailhouselaw.org/brief-summary-prison-litigation-reform-act/〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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